Fluid pressure transducers

ABSTRACT

A fluid pressure transducer is disclosed, said transducer includes a differential capacitor with one plate movable by a pressure sensing device. This capacitor is part of a resonant radio frequency a.c. bridge circuit, which produces an a.c. signal, and dependent on the displacement of the movable plate. A phase discriminator circuit is coupled to the bridge circuit to produce a d.c. signal the polarity and magnitude of which depend on the position of the movable plate. The output of the phase discriminator circuit is used to drive an electromagnetic force applying device which is mechanically coupled to the movable plate and to provide an output signal dependent on the position of the movable plate.

Thomas et al.

FLUID PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS Inventors: Alan Thomas, Stratford-on-Avon;

Ronald Alfred Heath, Hal-borne, both of England Assignee: Joseph Lucas (Industries) Limited,

Birmingham, England Filed: Mar. 22, 1972 Appl. No.: 237,022

Foreign Application Priority Data Mar. 26, 1971 Great Britain.... 8217/71 US. Cl. 73/398 C, 73/410 Int. Cl. G011 9/12 Field of Search 73/398 C, 406, 407,

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3/1968 Bristol 73/407 R 11/1969 Music ..L 317/246 1 Dec. 11, 1973 3,520,183 7/1970 Krizik ..3l7/246 3,140,450 7/1964 Tavis 331/65 Primary Examiner-Donald 0. Woodie] Attorney-John C. Holman et al.

[57] ABSTRACT A fluid pressure transducer is disclosed, said transducer includes a differential capacitor with one plate movable by a pressure sensing device. This capacitor is part of a resonant radio frequency a.c. bridge circuit, which produces an ac. signal, and dependent on the displacement of the movable plate. A phase discriminator circuit is coupled to the bridge circuit to produce a dc. signal the polarity and magnitude of which depend on the position of the movable plate. The output of the phase discriminator circuit is used to drive an electromagnetic force applying device which is mechanically coupled to the movable plate and to provide an output signal dependent on the position of the movable plate.

8 Claims, 9 Drawing Figures mmnunzc 11 ms 3771570 SHEET ll]? 5 PATENTEDBEE 11 1915 3377570 SHEET 30F 5 PATENTEDUEC n 1925 3777570 saw u m 5 SHEET S U? 5 PATENIED DEC 1 I 1915 FLUID PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to fluid pressure transducers and has as an object to provide a transducer in a convenient form.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A fluid pressure transducer in accordance with the invention comprises a body, a pair of spaced capacitor plates mounted on the body, a further capacitor plate, means mounting said further capacitor plate between said pair of spaced capacitor plates for movement in a, direction transverse to the planes thereof, pressure sensitive means on the body connected to said further capacitor plate for displacing it in said direction and means sensitive to the displacement of said further capacitor plate to apply a balancing force to said further capacitor plate and to produce an electrical output signal dependent on the balancing force.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Reference is now made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of an example of a fluid pressure transducer in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 is an end elevational view of the transducer;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view on line 33 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view on line 4-4 in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary sectional view on line 5-5 in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of part of an electromagnetic force applying device included in the transducer;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of parts of a bellows stabilizing arrangement included in the transducer;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a capacitor plate mounting arrangement included in the transducer; and

FIG. 9 is an electrical circuit diagram of the transducer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The transducer shown includes a body in three basic parts: namely a main frame 10, a hinge bracket 11 and a bellows mounting bracket 12, the brackets 11, 12 being attached to the main frame by bolts 13, 14 respectively. The bracket 11 is of a bifurcated form and terminates at one end in a pair of spaced parallel legs 11a. The bifurcated bracket 11 serves to provide a pivotal support for a lever 15 and an elongated bifurcated arm 16. The two ends of the arm 16 are pivotally connected to the two legs 11a by means of known crossed leaf spring type hinges 17. Similarly hinges 18 connect the lever 15 to the opposite end of the bracket 11, so that the lever 15 and the arm 16 are pivotable about spaced parallel axes. The free end of the arm 16 is connected to the lever 15 by means of a flexible metal connecting strip 19. The length of the arm 16 is substan tially greater than the length of that arm of the lever 15 to which the strip 19 is connected.

The bracket 12 has one end of a flexible, resilient metal bellows 20 connected to it through the intermediary of a plug 21 sealingly fitted in the end of the bellowsQA similar plug 22 is sealingly fitted in the other end of the bellows 20 and is secured to the arm 16 adja- 2 cent its free end. The bellows is evacuated and thus is sensitive to the pressure of any fluid, e.g., air, by which it is surrounded in use. The arm 16 serves to stabilize the bellows 20 by preventing lateral vibration of the other end thereof which would occur if the bellows plug 22 were connected only to the flexible strip 19. The lengthof the arm is such that the limited displacement permitted to the plug 22 (as will hereinafter become apparent) does not cause flexing of the bellows sufficient to bring about any significant change in the effective spring rate thereof.

As described above, the lever 15 has its shorter arm connected to the strip 10. Its longer arm terminates in an annular ring 15a which surounds a tubular armature 23 of the force applying device 24. The ring 15a has lugs which are aligned with and bolted to corresponding lugs on the armature 23. The device 24 includes a core 25 adjustably mounted on the main frame 10. As shown in FIG. 3 a ball 26 is engaged between conical recesses in one end of the core 25 and an insert 27 fitted in the frame 10. Three bolts 28 are arranged at equi-angularly spaced positions around this ball; the shanks of said bolts pass freely through holes in the frame and are screw-threadedly engaged withthe core 25. Varying of the relative tightness of the bolts 28 causes changes in the orientation of the axis of the core 25 about the ball 26. The core 25 is basically in the form of a spool having end flanges 25a, 25b and an intermediate flange 250 The core bears two windings in each of the two annular recesses defined between the flanges. One winding is wound in the same sense in both recesses, and. these two portions of this winding are connected in series. The two portions of the other winding are also connected in series with one another, but are wound in opposite senses.

The first mentioned winding has: a constant current passed through it and serves to polarize the core 25 magnetically. The other winding has a variable current passed through it as will be hereinafter explained. As a result, the flux in the gaps between the flanges 25a and 25b will differ by an amount dependent on the magnitude and direction of the variable current, and an axial force dependent on the variable current will be applied to the armature 23, thus applying a moment to the lever 15.

Mounted on the frame 10 is the capacitor plate mounting arrangement shown in FIG. 8. This arrangement includes a flat U-shaped member 29 which provides a spacer between two spaced parallel capacitor plate assemblies 30 and-31. Each such assembly comprises a backing plate 32, an insulating disc 33 on the backing plate and a conductive disc 34 on the insulating disc. The discs 34 form the actual capacitor plates and have electrical connections (not shown) to them. The two discs 34 have planar surfaces which are parallel and spaced apart in the direction in which the plug 22 is movable.

A further capacitor plate 35 is disposed between the resonant a.c. bridge circuit. An oscillator 40 is coupled by a transformer 41 to the plate 35 and the interconnection of two inductors 42 and 43 respectively. The other ends of these inductors are connected respectively to the disc 34 of the plates 30 and 31, and also provide the output terminals of the bridge. The interconnection of the two inductors 42, 43 is also connected to an earth rail 44 via a resistor 45 and to a rail 50 via a variable resistor 47. The rail 50 is connected via a resistor 48 and 80 in series to the positive terminal 46 of a d.c. supply. A Zener diode 49 has its cathode connected to the rail 50 and its anode connected to the rail 44 so that a known d.c. voltage level dependent on the setting of the variable resistor 47 is applied to the interconnection of the inductors 42, 43.

A radio-frequency amplifier stage consisting of a pair of n.p.n. transistors 51 and 52 with their bases connected to the outer ends of the inductors 42, 43 and with their collectors interconnected and connected to the rail 44 by a capacitor 53 and to the rail 50 by a resistor 54, is provided for amplifying the output of the bridge. The emitters of these two transistors are interconnected by a capacitor 55 in parallel with the primary winding of a transformer 56. This primary winding has a center tapping connected via a resistor 57 to the rail 44.

The secondary winding of the transformer 56 drives a phase-discrimination circuit. This secondary winding has a center tapping connected to a further secondary winding of the transformer 41. A pair of diodes 58, 59 have their anodes connected to the two ends of the secondary winding of transformer 56 and their cathodes connected to resistors 60, 61 respectively. The resistors are connected to two capacitors 62, 63 in series, each capacitor having a resistor 64, 65 in parallel with it. The interconnection of the capacitors 62, 63 is connected to said further secondary winding of the transformer 41 to supply a phase reference signal to the phase discrimination circuit.

In operation the capacitors 63, 62 will be charged during alternate half-cycles of the supply from the transformer 41. When the bridge circuit is balanced there will be no a.c. signal from the transformer 56 into the phase discriminator circuit. Thus both capacitors 62, and 63 will be charged equally and in opposite senses so that there will be no output from the phase discriminator circuit. When the plate 35 is displaced in one direction the bridge circuit will produce an output in phase with the supply, and in this case, the additive effect of the two a.c. signals in the phase discriminator circuit will cause one of the capacitors 62, 63 to hold a greater charge than the other so that a d.c. output of one polarity is obtained. Similarly, a d.c. output of opposite polarity is obtained when the plate 35 is displaced in the opposite direction causing the bridge circuit to produce an output which is 180 out of phase with the supply.

The output of the phase discriminator circuit is amplified and used to drive the force applying device 24. The interconnection of the resistors 61 and 65 is connected to the rail 44 either through a resistor 66 as shown or directly. When the resistor 66 is employed a capacitor 67 also has one plate connected to this interconnection. The interconnection of the resistors 60 and 64 is connected to the base of an n.p.n. transistor 68 via a resistor 69. The emitter of transistor 68 is connected to the rail 44 and its collector is connected via a resistor 70 to the rail 50. The collector of transistors 68 is also connected to the anode of a diode 71 which has its cathode connected to the base of an n-p-n transistor 72 via a resistor 73. A resistor 74 connects the base of the transistor 72 to the rail 44 and the emitter of transistor 72 is also connected to the rail 44. The otherplate of the capacitor 67, when this is used, is connected to the collector of the transistor 72, which is also connected to one end of the series connected reverse wound pair of windings 75, 76 of the device 24. The other end of this pair of windings is connected by a resistor 77 to the terminal 78. The output terminals 78, 79 of the circuit are connected to opposite ends of the resistor 77. The voltage across the series circuit consisting of the resistor 77, the windings 75, 76 and the collector-emitter path of the transistor 72 is stabilized by a zenor diode 81 which has its anode earthed and its cathode connected to the terminal 78.

The other windings 82, 83 of the device 24 are connected in series between terminal 78 and a constant current source 84. A diode bridges the windings 75, 76 and a further diode 86 bridges the windings 82, 83 so as to protect the circuit against any high e.m.fs which may be induced when the current flowing through the windings is interrupted.

As mentioned above the magnitude and polarity of the voltage appearing across the resistors 64 and of the discriminator circuit depends upon the magnitude and direction of the displacement of the center plate 35 from its null position (in which the bridge is balanced). Since the bellows 20 is evacuated, it is only necessary in practice for the device 23 to apply a force in one direction, namely downwardly on the lever 15 as viewed in FIG. 3. It will be seen, therefore, that when there is no signal (i.e., when the bridge circuit is balanced) or when there is a signal of negative polarity on the base of the transistor 68, it will be non-conductive, and there will be a maximum signal, determined by the resistors 70, 73 and 74 on the base of the transistor 72. Thus a maximum current flows through the windings 75, 76 urging the armature 23 downwardly and applying an upward pulling force to the upper end of the bellows 20. As the upward displacement of the plate 35 increases, the current through transistor 68 increases and the current through the windings 75, 76 decreases. In equilibrium the plate 35 occupies a position in which the force applied to the bellows 20 by the device 24 is equal and opposite to the sum of the forces arising from the external pressure on the bellows and its own resilience. The force is, in fact, directly proportional to the current flow through windings 75, 76 and the output voltage across the resistor 77 is thus directly proportional to the current. There is thus a linear relationship between the output of the transducer and the pressure sensed.

The loop gain of the system described is such that only a minute displacement of the plate 35 is required to cover the whole range of pressure to be sensed by the device. Thus, the maximum displacement of the plate 35 may be up to one-tenth of the width of the air gaps which exists between the plate 35 and the two discs 34. Thus any changes in the dielectric constant of the air surrounding the plate 35 due to changes of pressure, temperature or humidity have a negligible effect on the operation of the transducer. Similarly the effect of displacement of the armature 23 on the force applied is also negligible.

The resistor 66 and the capacitor 67 are included, if needed to stabilize the system. These components operate in a known manner to provide a negative feed back to transistor 68 which varies with the rate of change of the input signal to the transistor 68.

In modifications of the invention the bellows may receive the pressure to be measured internally, or where a pressure difference is to be measured, differing pressures may be applied externally or internally.

We claim:

1. A fluid pressure transducer comprising:

a body;

a pair of spaced capacitor plates each having a planar surface, said plates being mounted on said body;

a further capacitor plate;

means for mounting said further capacitor plate between said pair of spaced capacitor plates for movement in a direction transverse to said planar surfaces;

said pair of spaced capacitor plates and said further capacitor plate forming capacitors in two arms of a radio frequency resonant a.c. circuit;

two inductors forming the other two arms of the bridge circuit, said further capacitor plate and the inter-connection of said two inductors being coupled to the output terminals of a radio frequency oscillator, said pair of spaced capacitor plates and said inductors being connected to form the output terminals of the bridge circuit;

a pressure sensitive means on said body connected to said further capacitor plate for applying a force thereto for displacing said plate in said transverse direction from a balanced position thereof; and

means sensitive to said displacement of said further capacitor plate from said balanced position for applying a restoring balancing force thereto, said means further producing an electrical output signal dependent onthe restoring force applied.

2. A transducer as claimed in claim 1 including a re sistance chain connected acorss a dc. supply and applying a known dc. voltage level to the interconnection of said inductors.

3. A transducer as claimed in claim 1 including a radio frequency amplifier stage comprising a pair of transistors having their bases connected respectively to the output terminals of the bridge circuit.

4. A transducer as claimed in claim 3 including a capacitor interconnecting the emitters of said transistors and a transformer having its primary winding connected in parallel with said capacitor.

5. A transducer as claimed in claim 4 including a phase discrimination circuit driven by said transformer and coupled to said oscillator.

6. A transducer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said phase discrimination circuit comprises a pair of diodes connecting the ends of the secondary winding of said transformer to a pair of resistors interconnected by a pair of capacitors in series and each capacitor being in parallel with a further resistor, a center-tapping of the secondary winding of said transformer and the interconnection of said capacitors being coupled to said oscillator, and the output of said phase discrimination circuit being the voltage across said capacitors in series.

7. A transducer as claimed in claim 6 including a dc. amplifier stage driven by said phase discrimination circuit, said do. amplifier driving an electromagnetic force applying device.

8. A transducer as claimed in claim 7 wherein said electromagnetic force applying device has two pairs of windings one of which is connected in a circuit with a constant current source and the other winding is in a circuit with said do. amplifier. 

1. A fluid pressure transducer comprising: a body; a pair of spaced capacitor plates each having a planar surface, said plates being mounted on said body; a further capacitor plate; means for mounting said further capacitor plate between said pair of spaced capacitor plates for movement in a direction transverse to said planar surfaces; said pair of spaced capacitor plates and said further capacitor plate forming capacitors in two arms of a radio frequency resonant a.c. circuit; two inductors forming the other two arms of the bridge circuit, saId further capacitor plate and the inter-connection of said two inductors being coupled to the output terminals of a radio frequency oscillator, said pair of spaced capacitor plates and said inductors being connected to form the output terminals of the bridge circuit; a pressure sensitive means on said body connected to said further capacitor plate for applying a force thereto for displacing said plate in said transverse direction from a balanced position thereof; and means sensitive to said displacement of said further capacitor plate from said balanced position for applying a restoring balancing force thereto, said means further producing an electrical output signal dependent on the restoring force applied.
 2. A transducer as claimed in claim 1 including a resistance chain connected acorss a d.c. supply and applying a known d.c. voltage level to the interconnection of said inductors.
 3. A transducer as claimed in claim 1 including a radio frequency amplifier stage comprising a pair of transistors having their bases connected respectively to the output terminals of the bridge circuit.
 4. A transducer as claimed in claim 3 including a capacitor interconnecting the emitters of said transistors and a transformer having its primary winding connected in parallel with said capacitor.
 5. A transducer as claimed in claim 4 including a phase discrimination circuit driven by said transformer and coupled to said oscillator.
 6. A transducer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said phase discrimination circuit comprises a pair of diodes connecting the ends of the secondary winding of said transformer to a pair of resistors interconnected by a pair of capacitors in series and each capacitor being in parallel with a further resistor, a center-tapping of the secondary winding of said transformer and the interconnection of said capacitors being coupled to said oscillator, and the output of said phase discrimination circuit being the voltage across said capacitors in series.
 7. A transducer as claimed in claim 6 including a d.c. amplifier stage driven by said phase discrimination circuit, said d.c. amplifier driving an electromagnetic force applying device.
 8. A transducer as claimed in claim 7 wherein said electromagnetic force applying device has two pairs of windings one of which is connected in a circuit with a constant current source and the other winding is in a circuit with said d.c. amplifier. 